REXROTH液压换向阀4WP6D60/N R900755395,德国力士乐液压换向阀,购买进口液压、气动、自动化控制工业配件,
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换向阀是液压系统中必不可少的方向控制阀,其合理选择与应用是保证液压系统正常工作的关键。
合理选用三位换向阀的中位机能
三位换向阀中位机能要与液控单向阀匹配
液控单向阀因其良好的单向密封性而广泛应用于平衡、保压、锁紧等回路中,为了保证液控单向阀能够良好地锁定,一般采用H型或Y型中位机能的三位换向阀和液控单向阀配合使用。但现场上常出现0型或M型机能换向阀的情况,其锁定性能当然不会很好。
1.2选用卸荷式中位机能电液换向阀要考虑控制压力的建立
电液换向阀由电磁换向阀和液动换向阀组成,其中电磁换向阀起先导作用,即用来改变液动换向阀控制压力油的方向;液动换向阀作为主阀,其工作位置由电磁换向阀的工作位置相应确定。电液换向阀根据控制油和回油方式分为:内控内泄式、内控外泄式、外控内泄式、外控外泄式四种。对于外控式阀,由于控制油是从电液换向阀之外的油路单独引入的,在使用时,无论内泄还是外泄,均不存在什么问题。对以内控方式供油的电液动换向阀,由于先导阀的供液口与主阀的P口是沟通的,若在中间位置是使泵卸荷的状态,如M、H、K等中位机能,在中位时主油路不能为控制油路提供主阀芯换向所必须的控制压力,因此不宜采取这种具有中位卸荷机能的内控式电液换向阀。如果要采取这种形式,在应用时一定注意配以预控压力阀,使在卸荷状态仍然具有一定的控制油压,足以操纵主阀芯换向,否则不能正常工作,即先导阀换向而主阀不能换向。
2、换向阀过渡状态机能要与系统匹配
换向阀阀芯相对于阀体的工作位置决定了其相应的左位机能、右位机能和中位机能(对于三位阀)。阀芯由一个工作位置向另一个工作位置切换的过程中,还存在着过渡位置,而过渡状态机能往往容易被忽视而引发许多故障。
3、充分利用换向阀的设计功能
在选择换向阀时,应尽量减少换向阀的“位’与“通”从而减少系统的复杂性,并降低制造成本,符合技术经济的要求。在液压系统中,由于换向阀阀芯的运动间隙较小,而液压油中存在的污染物易造成换向阀堵塞或卡死,且液压系统中出现故障不易检查,如选择的换向阀存在多余的“位”与“通”,就会增加发生事故的几率,增加故障查找的难度。
4、避免换向阀动作不同步
液压系统中经常有多个电磁换向阀控制同一个液压缸的情况,对二位或三位电磁换向阀来说,存在因换向时间不等而带来的故障。
5、工作压力和通流量是确定换向阀规格选择的依据
换向阀的规格应依据工作压力和通流量来选择而实际选用中却经常会出现按油泵供油量Q来选择的情况致使通过换向阀的实际流量远大于该阀的额定流量引起系统故障
6、选用换向阀时不能只注意其位数和通路数满足系统工作原理的要求更要考虑中位机能过渡位机能这样一些结构方面的因素以及换向阀的规格多,换向阀动作的相互协调系统的简化及制造成本等问题否则就会顾此失彼使液压 系统不能正常工作,甚至出现事故。
REXROTH液压换向阀4WP6D60/N R900755395
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液压传动是一种可达到传递动力、增加动力、改变速比等目的的传动方式。液压传动是以液体为工作介质,靠处于密闭容器内的液体静压力来传递力的传动方式,静压力的大小取决于负载,而负载速度的传递是按液体容积变化相等的原则进行的,其速度大小取决于流量;如果忽略损失,液压传动所传递的力与速度无关。
液压传动相比其他传统传动方式优势较为明显:1)功率重量比大,能以较轻的设备重量取得更大的力和转矩;2)惯性小,启动、制动迅速;3)无级调速,调速范围大,低速性能好;4)高响应速度;5)高负载刚度;6)可控性好,易于实现自动化,液压元件位臵可以根据设备需要进行调整。
液压传动已成为现代机械装备与机电产品的重要基础技术,在工业机械领域有着极为广泛的应用。液压系统的应用领域包括:工业生产(锻压机械、注塑机、机床、加工中心、机器人、矿山机械、包装机械等)、行走机械(工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等)、航空航天、舰船(船舶及舰艇甲板机械、操作及控制系统)、海洋工程(海洋开发平台、海底钻探、水下作业等)。以国外为例,约95%的工程机械、90%的数控加工中心、95%的自动化生产线均采用液压传动。此外,根据工业机械设备使用的液压系统压力条件不同,可按其额定压力分为低压系统(<6.3MPa)、中压系统(6.3-10MPa)、中高压系统(10-20MPa)和高压系统(>20MPa)。
液压系统主要由5个部分组成,泵、阀、油缸、马达为核心元件。典型的液压系统由动力元件(主要是液压泵)、控制元件(主要是液压阀)、执行元件(包括液压油缸、液压马达)、辅助元件(包括油箱、过滤器、蓄能器、热交换器)、工作介质(包括矿物油、乳化液、液压油等)5个部分组成,其中泵、阀、油缸、马达的技术难度大、产品附加值高、价值占比较高,是液压系统的核心元件。
液压泵:主要有柱塞泵、齿轮泵、叶片泵和螺杆泵。其中,柱塞泵、叶片泵属于高压泵,齿轮泵属于低压泵。以柱塞泵为例,其密封工作腔构件为圆柱形的柱塞和缸体,容易得到较高的配合精度,特点是泄漏量小,容积效率高,可以在高压下工作;由于柱塞泵压力高、结构紧凑、效率高、流量调节方便,故在需要高压、大流量、大功率的系统中和流量需要调节的场合,如工程机械、矿山冶金机械、船舶、重型刨床及液压机等设备上广泛应用。
液压阀:主要分为方向阀、流量阀、压力阀。方向阀用于控制系统中的油流方向,包括换向阀、单向阀等;流量控制阀,用于控制液压系统中油的流量,包括节流阀、调速阀等;压力控制阀,用于控制系统中的油压,包括溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀等;上述三类阀可组成各种复合阀。
液压油缸:液压缸由缸体、可移动的活塞和连接活塞的活塞杆组成,缸体两端用端盖进行封闭,端盖可采用螺纹、卡圈、拉杆或焊接等方式与缸体连接;分为双作用式、单作用式、伸缩式。
液压马达:分为单向、双向液压马达,也分为定量马达与变量马达。
液压件的批量稳定生产需要企业具有多学科、全方面的技术实力和较为雄厚的资金实力。液压件为精密制造产品,生产工艺复杂、流程工序多、管理难度大,涉及材料力学、机械设计、金属材料、金属工艺学、热处理技术、自动化控制技术等多个学科,需要企业具备较高的研发测试水平、生产工艺控制和过程控制能力,才能大批量生产,并保证产品的质量稳定性。另一方面,液压产品的生产需要前期大规模的固定资产投入,特别是精密加工设备、热处理设备、高压液压件的铸件生产设备、检测设备等,且大量精密生产设备依赖进口,对企业有较高的资金要求。
液压件制造主要分为铸件生产、机械加工和装配测试三大环节:1)精密铸件的铸造工序:砂处理、制芯→造型→合箱→熔化→浇注→落砂→去冒口→抛丸→打磨→热处理→抛丸等;2)铸件、锻件、棒材的加工工序:粗机械加工→热处理→精机械加工→去毛刺→清洗→防锈等;3)使用标准件及调节元件对液压元件进行组装成品工序:清洗→装配→测试→清洗→喷涂等。
精密铸件是液压元件生产的基础和关键,每个环节均需投入大量的自动化加工设备。铸造工艺落后则无法实现合格铸件的批量生产,没有合格的铸件就没有高质量的液压件,高质量的铸件生产对设计、铸造工艺、原材料、精密加工设备提出了严苛的要求。
液压系统的组成及其作用
一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成,即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件(附件)和液压油。
动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能,指液压系统中的油泵,它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。
执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能,驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。
控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同,液压阀可分为村力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等;流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等;方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同,液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。
辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、快换接头、高压球阀、胶管总成、测压接头、压力表、油位油温计等。
液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质,有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。